How Computer Networks Work and Their Types

Maybe there are still some of you who are confused about how the computer networks that are currently being used work.

So, this article will discuss how computer networks work and the types of networks you need to know.

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Computer network

A computer network is a system that connects several electronic devices, such as computers, laptops, smartphones, printers, and so on, so they can connect to each other and share data.

In simple terms, a computer network is a telecommunications system that allows computers to interact and exchange data.

This network is formed through a combination of hardware and software. When two or more computers communicate or exchange data, there are parts of the computer network that function as recipients or service providers.

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How Computer Networks Work

To understand how it works, let's discuss some of the main components and how a computer network works.

Network Hardware

Hardware is the physical components needed to build a computer network. Some of the major networking hardware includes:

• Router: A router connects several networks together, such as a LAN with the internet. Routers are responsible for directing data traffic between networks and ensuring data gets to the correct destination.
• Switch: A switch connects devices in a local network (LAN). The switch functions to send data to the destination device efficiently without disturbing other devices on the network.
• Modem: A modem converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines or cables and vice versa.
• Network Cables: Cables such as Ethernet are used to connect devices in a physical network. There is also wireless technology (Wi-Fi) that allows devices to connect without cables.

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Network Protocol

Network protocols are the rules that govern communication between devices on a network. This protocol ensures that data is sent and received correctly. Some common network protocols are:

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): This protocol is the primary communications standard for the internet and most local networks. TCP/IP regulates how data is broken into packets, transmitted, and reassembled at the destination.
• HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure): This protocol is used to access and send web pages over the internet.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to transfer files between computers on a network.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to send emails between servers.

Network Topology

Network topology is the way devices are arranged and connected in a network. Common topologies include:

• Bus Topology: All devices are connected to one main cable (bus). Data is sent across the network, but only the destination device receives and processes the data.
• Star Topology: All devices are connected to a center (hub or switch). Data is sent from one device to the hub and forwarded to the destination device.
• Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circle shape. Data travels unidirectionally through the ring and is passed from one device to the next until it reaches its destination.
• Mesh Topology: Each device is connected directly to several other devices. This provides multiple paths for data to reach its destination, increasing redundancy and reliability.

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

Each device on a network has a unique IP address that is used to identify and connect to that device. IP addresses can be static (fixed) or dynamic (changeable). There are two main versions of IP addresses:

• IPv4: Uses 32-bit format, consisting of four numbers separated by dots (for example, 192.168.0.1).
• IPv6: Uses 128-bit format, consisting of eight groups of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons (for example, 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS functions to translate the domain name you type in the browser (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that can be understood by devices on the network.

DNS acts as the internet's “phone book,” making it easier for you to remember website addresses with names rather than numbers.

The way a computer network works involves various components and processes working together to enable communication and share resources.

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Types of Computer Networks

The world of computer networks offers various types that have specific characteristics and functions. In general, we can group computer networks into several main categories, such as:

LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN is a digital foundation that connects devices in a limited environment, such as a home or office.

Think of it as a mini neural network, allowing computers, printers, and other devices to communicate and share data efficiently.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) network is an extension of a LAN, reaching a wider area such as a city or several nearby cities.

MAN acts as a bridge that connects various LANs within a metropolitan area, enabling wider interconnection and resource sharing.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WANs allow us to connect with people and information anywhere and at any time. Thanks to WANs, we can collaborate globally, access unlimited knowledge, and enjoy diverse entertainment. The Internet, as the largest WAN, has revolutionized the way we live and work.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

PAN allows us to easily connect our personal devices within a very short range. Thanks to PAN, we can quickly transfer files, share data, and control other devices with just a few taps.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

WLAN has revolutionized the way we connect with the digital world. With WLAN, you can enjoy freedom of movement without having to worry about being hampered by cables. Apart from that, WLAN also makes it easier to build networks in places that are difficult to reach by cable.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

VPNs is like having a personal bodyguard in the digital world. VPN protects the privacy and security of your data when you surf the internet. With a VPN, you can access the internet as if you were in another country, opening the door to a wider world of content.

By understanding how computer networks work and their types, you can better appreciate the technology that makes it all possible.

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